The use of play activities and materials (e.g., clay, water, blocks, dolls, puppets, finger paint) in child psychotherapy. Play-therapy techniques are based on the theory that such activities mirror the child’s emotional life and fantasies, enabling the child to “play out” feelings and problems and to test out new approaches and understand relationships in action rather than words. This form of psychotherapy, which focuses on a child’s internal conflicts in addition to his or her daily life and current relationships, may be directive or nondirective.

The use of artistic activities, such as painting and clay modeling, in psychotherapy and rehabilitation. The process of making art is seen as healing, an experience that provides the opportunity to express oneself imaginatively, authentically, and spontaneously; over time, this process can lead to personal fulfillment, emotional reparation, and transformation. The products made in art therapy are seen as a means of symbolic communication and a vehicle for developing new insights and understandings, resolving conflicts, solving problems, and formulating new perceptions to achieve positive changes, growth, and rehabilitation.

The use of conditioning, therapeutic techniques, or other methods to steer individual or group behavior in a desired direction. For example, behavior control may be used to help children with conduct problems engage in more appropriate actions at school and at home.

Parenting can be satisfying and fulfilling. But it can also be difficult and time-consuming. Parents must tend to an infant or child’s daily needs. They are also responsible for helping each of their children develop life skills. These skills include daily living skills, social skills, and appropriate behaviors. Parents with more than one child must account for the personalities of each, as well.